A hermenêutica filosófica em Hans-Georg Gadamer: a linguagem como medium ontognoseológico da compreensão

Abstract

Philosophical hermeneutics is a branch of philosophy led by Hans-Georg Gadamer. It emerges as a perspective that seeks to address philosophical questions inadequately treated by transcendental and speculative idealism and by positivism, while also overcoming the limitations of the epistemological model brought by Modernity—one centered on reflective consciousness as the foundation of knowledge and on the search for universal criteria for the validation of knowledge. Drawing on conceptual contributions from Romanticism and Historicism, philosophical hermeneutics proposes an “ontological turn” in hermeneutics: understanding and truth are not exclusive products of method, but manifest themselves in pre-reflective experience, prior to the subject–object division, and find in language their fundamental medium, since in it tradition, interpreter, and meaning are fused, and all knowledge appears as a response to historical questions. In this context, one may ask whether hermeneutics represents a radical break with epistemology, or whether there is room for a productive dialogue between them. Gadamer supports the possibility of such an interlocution, finding in language the hermeneutical element that serves as a bridge between the hermeneutic experience of truth and scientific knowledge. Philosophical hermeneutics thus broadens the horizon of knowledge by revealing its existential and historical foundations, opening space for a dialogical rationality grounded in the hermeneutic experience.